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Latin name	Betula L.
Family	Betulaceae
Distribution
North America distribution zone
Height
Foliage
Ecology
Use
Synonym
English name	birch
French name	bouleau; bétula
Spanish name	abedul
Other name	betulla (italian); Birke (german); elnguq (yupik, USA: Alaska); kr'eyr'olik (tchiglit, Canada and USA: Alaska); nelnguq (yupik, USA: Alaska); uligiiler'k (tchiglit, Canada and USA: Alaska); ushkai (montagnais, Canada); wigossatek (algonquin, Canada); wigwass (otchipwe, Canada); wigwassatek (algonquin, Canada)
Trade name

Latin name	Betula alleghaniensis Britton
Family	Betulaceae
Distribution	NC NE? MC ME North America (Canada, USA)
North America distribution zone	NC NE? MC ME
Height	L
Foliage	D
Ecology	sci->hel hyg->xer acid [basi]
Use	cl (emblem tree of Quebec Province of Canada) dr dr(ob) (native Americans used it as an emetic or cathartic to remove bile from intestine, as a blood purifier and as a diuretic) fd (tea, beer, sap) fr fw ma (oil of wintergreen) pl pp ti (flooring, furniture, in laying, plywood corestock, railroad ties, turned work, veneer, cabinet work) ti(ob) (shipbuilding)
Synonym	Betula alleghaniensis Britton var. alleghaniensis Betula alleghaniensis var. fallax (Fasset) Brayshaw Betula alleghaniensis var. macrolepsis Fernald Betula lutea F.Michx. Betula lutea var. alleghaniensis (Fasset) Brayshaw Betula lutea var. fallax Fasset Betula lutea var. macrolepsis Fernald
English name	yellow birch; black birch, Canadian yellow birch, cherry birch, curly birch, gold birch, gray birch, hard birch, mountain-mahogany, Newfoundland oak, red birch, silver birch, swamp birch, sweet birch p.p., tall birch
French name	bouleau jaune; bouleau des Alléghanys (Canada); bouleau frisé, bouleau jaune canadien; bouleau merisier, merisier blanc, merisier jaune (Canada); merisier ondé; merisier (Canada)
Spanish name
Other name	betulla gialla, betulla gialla canadese (italian); Gelbbirke, Kanadische Gelbbirke (german)
Trade name

Latin name	Betula cordifolia Regel
Family	Betulaceae
Distribution	NE MC ME North America
North America distribution zone	NE MC ME
Height	L
Foliage	D
Ecology	hel mes->xer acid
Use
Synonym	Betula alba var. cordifolia (Regel) Fernald Betula papyrifera var. cordifolia (Regel) Fernald
English name	mountain birch; heartleaf birch, mountain white birch
French name	bouleau cordifolié; bouleau blanc p.p.; bouleau blanc de montagne, bouleau cordifolié (Canada)
Spanish name
Other name
Trade name

Latin name	Betula kenaica W.H.Evans
Family	Betulaceae
Distribution	NW North America (USA: Alaska; Canada:Yukon Territory)
North America distribution zone	NW
Height	M
Foliage	D
Ecology
Use
Synonym	Betula kamtschatica var. kenaica (W.H.Evans) C.A.Jansson Betula neoalaskana var. kenaica (W.H.Evans) B.Boivin Betula papyrifera var. kenaica (W.H.Evans) A.Henry
English name	Kenai birch; black birch, Kenai paper birch, red birch
French name	bouleau de Kenaï
Spanish name
Other name
Trade name

Latin name	Betula lenta L.
Family	Betulaceae
Distribution	ME North America int MW Eurasia (Germany)
North America distribution zone	ME
Height	M[L]
Foliage	D
Ecology	sci->hel mes [xer] acid
Use	dr (chief commercial source of wintergreen oil -methyl salycilate-, which is distilled from its wood) dr(ob) (native Americans used it to treat dysentery, cold, diarrhea, fever, soreness and milky urine and as a spring tonic) fd (birch beer made from fermenting sap) fr fw ma pl pp ti
Synonym	Betula carpinifolia Ehrh. Betula lenta var. laciniata Rehder
English name	sweet birch; American birch, American black birch; black birch (Canada, USA); blue birch; cherry birch (Canada, USA); dwarf birch p.p. (Canada); mahogany birch; mahogany-birch, mountain mahogany (Canada); red birch; wych-hazel, yellow birch p.p. (Canada)
French name	bouleau flexible; acajou, bouleau acajou, bouleau à sucre, bouleau merisier, bouleau odorant, bouleau sucré, merisier odorant, merisier rouge (Canada)
Spanish name
Other name	betulla americana, betulla nera (italian); Hain-Birke, Zuckerbirke (german)
Trade name

Latin name	Betula minor (Tuck.) Fernald
Family	Betulaceae
Distribution	NE ME North America
North America distribution zone	NE ME
Height	S?
Foliage	D
Ecology
Use
Synonym	Betula papyracea var. minor Tuck. Betula papyrifera var. minor (Tuck.) S.Watson & J.M.Coult. Betula pubescens ssp. minor (Tuck.) A. & D.Löve Betula saxophila Lepage
English name	dwarf birch; dwarf paper birch
French name	bouleau mineur
Spanish name
Other name
Trade name

Latin name	Betula neoalaskana Sarg.
Family	Betulaceae
Distribution	NW NC North America (USA: Alaska; Canada)
North America distribution zone	NW NC
Height	M[L]
Foliage	D
Ecology	hel
Use
Synonym	Betula alaskana Sarg. non Lesq. Betula papyrifera ssp. humilis (Regel) Hultén Betula papyrifera var. humilis (Regel) Fernald & Raup Betula resinifera (Regel) Britton Betula papyrifera var. neoalaskana (Sarg.) Raup
English name	Alaska birch; Alaska paper birch (Canada); Alaska white birch, paper birch p.p., resin birch
French name	bouleau d'Alaska; bouleau blanc d'Alaska; bouleau de l'Alaska (Canada)
Spanish name
Other name
Trade name

Latin name	Betula nigra L.
Family	Betulaceae
Distribution	MC ME North America
North America distribution zone	MC ME
Height	L
Foliage	D
Ecology	hel [sci] hyg->[xer] acid
Use	dr(ob) (native Americans used it to treat dysentery, cold and milky urine) fr pl pp sa ti
Synonym	Betula rubra F.Michx.
English name	river birch; black birch, red birch, water birch p.p.
French name	bouleau noir; bouleau de rivière
Spanish name
Other name	Flussbirke, Schwarzbirke (german); betulla nera, betulla rossa (italian)
Trade name

Latin name	Betula occidentalis Hook.
Family	Betulaceae
Distribution	NW NC MW MC North America (Canada, USA)
North America distribution zone	NW NC MW MC
Height	S[L]
Foliage	D
Ecology	hel hyg->[xer]
Use	fw (fuel) ti (fence posts)
Synonym	Betula beeniana A.Nelson Betula fontinalis Sarg. Betula fontinalis var. inopina (Jeps.) Jeps. Betula microphylla var. fontinalis M.E.Jones Betula occidentalis var. fecunda (Britton) Fernald Betula occidentalis var. inopina (Jeps.) C.L.Hitchc. Betula papyrifera ssp. occidentalis (Hook.) Hultén Betula papyrifera var. occidentalis (Hook.) Sarg. Betula rhombifolia Nutt. non Tausch.
English name	water birch; black birch (Canada, USA); mountain birch p.p. (Canada); puget-sound-birch; red birch (Canada, USA); river birch p.p., spring birch, western birch, western white birch
French name	bouleau fontinal; bouleau d'eau, bouleau occidental; merisier occidental, merisier rouge (Canada)
Spanish name
Other name	betulla occidentale (italian); Wasserbirke (german)
Trade name

Latin name	Betula papyrifera Marshall
Family	Betulaceae
Distribution	N M North America (Canada, USA)
North America distribution zone	NW NC NE MW MC ME
Height	L
Foliage	D
Ecology	hel [sci] [hyg]->xer acid
Use	cl (emblem tree of New Hampshire State of USA and Saskatchewan Province of Canada) dr dr(ob) (native Americans used it in enemas, to shrivel the womb, to alleviate stomach, cramps and pain and as a tonic) fd fr fw ma pl pp (paper) ti (broom handles, clothe's pins, coffee sticks, furniture legs, pegs, playwood corestock, shoe-lasts, spoolwood, tooth pick, turned work) ti(ob) (baskets, canoës, covers, cups, wigwams)
Synonym	Betula alba ssp. commutata (Regel) E.Murray Betula alba var. commutata Regel Betula alba var. papyrifera (Marshall) Spach Betula commutata Regel Betula lyalliana Koehne Betula papyracea Aiton Betula papyrifera Fernald & Wiegand Betula papyrifera var. commutata (Regel) E.Murray Betula papyrifera var. elobata (Fernald) Sarg. Betula papyrifera var. lyalliana (Koehne) C.K.Schneid. Betula papyrifera var. macrostachya Fernald Betula papyrifera Marshall var. papyrifera Betula papyrifera var. pensilis Fernald Betula papyrifera var. subcordata (Rydb. ex B.T.Butler) Sarg. Betula subcordata Rydb. ex B.T.Butler
English name	paper birch; birch (Canada); canoe birch (Canada, USA); northwestern paper birch (Canada); northwestern white birch; silver birch (Canada); spoolwood, typical paper birch, western paper birch, western white birch; white birch (Canada, USA)
French name	bouleau blanc; bouleau (Canada); bouleau à canoë; bouleau à canot (Canada); bouleau à canots, bouleau à capot; bouleau à papier (Canada); bouleau à papier occidental; bouleau blanc de montagne? (Canada); bouleau blanc occidental, bouleau blanc subcordifolié, bouleau blanc typique, bouleau du Nord-Ouest?, bouleau occidental
Spanish name
Other name	betulla da carta (italian); Graubirke, Nachen-Birke, Papierbirke (german)
Trade name

Latin name	Betula populifolia Marshall
Family	Betulaceae
Distribution	ME North America (Canada, USA)
North America distribution zone	ME
Height	S[M]
Foliage	D
Ecology	hel hyg->xer acid->neut
Use	dr dr(ob) (Iroquois used it to treat bleading piles, the Micmac to treat infected cuts and as an emetic) fr (seeds and buds are eaten by ruffed grouse, squirell, tamias and all others rodents, leaves and twigs are eaten by whitetail deer) fw pl sa (shade for pine plantation)
Synonym	Betula alba ssp. populifolia (Marshall) Regel Betula alba var. populifolia (Marshall) Spach
English name	grey birch; fire birch, gray birch, old field birch, poplar-leaved birch, poverty-birch, small white birch, swamp birch, water birch p.p., white birch, wire birch
French name	bouleau gris; bouleau à feuille de peuplier; bouleau à feuilles de peuplier, bouleau rouge (Canada)
Spanish name
Other name	Graue Birke, Pappelblättrige Birke (german); betulla a fogglie di pioppo, betulla grigio (italian)
Trade name

Latin name	Betula pubescens Ehrh.
Family	Betulaceae
Distribution	NE North America (Denmark: Greenland) N MW MC Eurasia (Europa)
North America distribution zone	NE
Height	M[L]
Foliage	D
Ecology	hel hyg->mes acid
Use	dr (diuretic from leaves and bark, oil medicine) dr(ob) (used by the Cree for chafed skin, by the Ojibway as a seasoner in medicine and a component in a maple syrop mixture used to relieve stomach cramps) fd (bark as a famine food or eaten with sturgeon eggs in E Asia) ma (bark used for shoes and clothes, tar used for preserving leather and wood, leaves with alum give a green dye, leaves with chalk give a yellow dye) ti (furniture)
Synonym	Betula alba ssp. pubescens Regel Betula alba var. pubescens (Ehrh.) Spach
English name	pubescent birch; common white birch, downy birch
French name	bouleau pubescent; bouleau blanc p.p., bouleau collant
Spanish name	abedul, bedoll, bidueiro, urkhi, violo
Other name	Behaarte Birke, Haarbirke, Moorbirke (german); betulla pelosa, betulla pubescente, betulla tomentosa (italian)
Trade name

Latin name	Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa (Ledeb.) Nyman
Family	Betulaceae
Distribution	NE North America (Denmark: SW Greenland)
North America distribution zone	NE
Height	M
Foliage
Ecology
Use
Synonym	Betula odorata Bechst. Betula odorata var. tortuosa (Ledeb.) Rosenv. Betula tortuosa Ledeb.
English name	twisted pubescent birch
French name	bouleau pubescent tortueux
Spanish name
Other name
Trade name

Latin name	Betula uber (Ashe) Fernald
Family	Betulaceae
Distribution	ME North America (USA: Virginia)
North America distribution zone	ME
Height	S
Foliage	D
Ecology	mes
Use	ex
Synonym	Betula lenta var. uber Ashe
English name	Virginia birch; Ashe birch, Ashe's birch, Virginia roundleaf birch
French name	bouleau de Virginie
Spanish name
Other name
Trade name

Latin name	Billia Peyr.
Family	Hippocastanaceae
Distribution
North America distribution zone
Height
Foliage
Ecology
Use
Synonym
English name	billia
French name	billia
Spanish name
Other name
Trade name

Latin name	Billia colombiana Planch. & Linden
Family	Hippocastanaceae
Distribution	SE North America (Costa Rica, Panama) N MW South America (Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador)
North America distribution zone	SE
Height	L
Foliage	D
Ecology	[sci] xer
Use	cl fr ma pl sa ti
Synonym	Billia columbiana Planch. & Linden ex Triana & Planch. Billia columbianum Planch. & Linden Pawia colombiana Kuntze
English name	Colombia billia
French name	billia de Colombie
Spanish name	capúlí (Ecuador); cariseco (Colombia); cascarillo (Ecuador); cobalonga (Venezuela); cobalongo (Colombia); cocora, cucarcho, guatusa (Costa Rica); manzano, manzano de monte (Colombia); ocora, resina (Costa Rica); tres hojas (Colombia)
Other name
Trade name

Latin name	Billia hippocastanum Peyr.
Family	Hippocastanaceae
Distribution	SC SE North America (Mexico to Panama)
North America distribution zone	SC SE
Height	L
Foliage	SD
Ecology
Use	ma ti
Synonym	Aesculus mexicana Benth. & Hook ex Hemsl. Pawia mexicana Kuntze
English name	Mexican billia
French name	billia du Mexique
Spanish name	cocora, cucaracho (Costa Rica); manchado (Honduras)
Other name
Trade name

Latin name	Bixa L.
Family	Bixaceae
Distribution
North America distribution zone
Height
Foliage
Ecology
Use
Synonym
English name	bixa; anattotree
French name	bixa; rocouyer
Spanish name	achiote, achote (Guatemala); atta (Belize)
Other name	achiote (nahuatl, Mexico); Bixa (german); bixa (italian); cuxub, cuxul (maya, Mexico)
Trade name

Latin name	Bixa orellana L.
Family	Bixaceae
Distribution	SC SE North America (Mexico to Panama, West Indies) South America (tropics) NC Oceania (Mariana Islands, Palau) int SC Eurasia and Africa
North America distribution zone	SC SE
Height	M
Foliage	E[D]
Ecology	hel hyg mes
Use	cl dr (leaves applied to forehead for headache, leaves decoction gargle in mouth throat infection, roots decoction taken orally for asthma, macerated seed taken orally for fever, pulp surrounding seed astringent drink for dysentery and kidney infection, use in treating sores and burns and for dysentry) fd (dye from seeds for coloring rice, cheese and butter) fr fw ma (Amerindian warpaint, dye) pl (living fences) sa ti
Synonym	Bixa acuminata Bojer Bixa americana Poir. Bixa catangensis Delpierre Bixa odorata Ruiz & Pav. ex G.Don Bixa orellana Bedd. Bixa orellana (Kuntze) J.F.Macbr. Bixa orellana Wight Bixa orellana var. leiocarpa (Kuntze) Standl. & L.O.Williams Bixa orellana f. leiocarpa (Kuntze) J.F.Macbr. Bixa platycarpa Ruiz & Pav. ex G.Don Bixa purpurea Sweet Bixa sphaerocarpa Triana Bixa tinctoria Salisb. Orellana americana Kuntze Orellana orellana (L.) Kuntze
English name	anatto bixa; anatto (Jamaica, Puerto Rico); anatto-tree, anattotree, annato, annatto, arnatto; atta (Belize); lipstick bush (Puerto Rico); onoto (Guyana); roucou (Trinidad and Tobago, Virgin Islands)
French name	bixa roucouyer; achiot (French Guiana); chiote (Haiti); rocouyer (Côte d'Ivoire, Guadeloupe); roucou, roucouyer (Haiti)
Spanish name	achiote (Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico); achiote caspi, achiote de monte (Peru); achiotillo (Guatemala); achote (Belize, Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Venezuela); anatto (Panama); annato (Belize, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico); annatto (Belize); annetto (Peru); annmatto (Belize); atta (Belize); bija (Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Venezuela); caituco (Venezuela); cuajachote (El Salvador); mugo-simu, onotillo (Venezuela); onoto (Colombia, Guyana, Venezuela); shamba huayo (Peru); shambu (Peru); urucú (Argentina)
Other name	açafroa, açafroeira-da-terra; achiote, achote, annatto (chamorro, Micronesia); annatto (italian); buek, búrek (palauan, Micronesia); cu-shèb (maya, Belize); ipiacu (shuar); koesoewee (Suriname); kuxub (maya, Belize); mandura (quichua); oox (chuj, Guatemala); orleana (italian); Orleansstrauch (german); ox (Guatemala); pan-sa (siona); potsotiníroqui (campa asháninca, Peru); rata kaha (Sri Lanka); rocú (italian); roucou (Netherlands Antilles, Suriname); rucu (Netherlands Antilles); shi-yaè (maya, Belize); thidin (Myanmar); xayan (maya, Belize); xayau (quecchí, Guatemala)
Trade name

Latin name	Bixa urucurana Willd.
Family	Bixaceae
Distribution	SC SE North America (S Mexico to Panama) N MW MC South America (Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, Ecuador: Amazonas; Peru, Amazonian Brazil, Bolivia)
North America distribution zone	SC SE
Height	M
Foliage
Ecology
Use	dr ma (food coloring) pl
Synonym	Bixa orellana var. urucurana (Willd.) Kuntze ex Pilg. Bixa sphaerocarpa Triana Orellana americana var. urucurana Kuntze
English name	urucú bixa
French name	bixa urucú
Spanish name	achiote (Guatemala); achiote de monte (Ecuador); onotillo, onoto (Venezuela); urucú, urucucillo (Bolivia)
Other name	chiòt (creole, Haiti); urucu, urucum (portuguese, Brazil); woukou (creole, Haiti)
Trade name

Latin name	Blakea P.Browne
Family	Melastomataceae
Distribution
North America distribution zone
Height
Foliage
Ecology
Use
Synonym	Amaraboya Linden ex Mast. Pyxidanthus Naudin Valdesia Ruiz & Pav.
English name	blakea
French name	blakea
Spanish name
Other name
Trade name

Latin name	Blakea anomala Donn.Sm.
Family	Melastomataceae
Distribution	SE North America (Costa Rica)
North America distribution zone	SE
Height	S?
Foliage
Ecology
Use
Synonym
English name	abnormal blakea
French name	blakea atypique
Spanish name
Other name
Trade name

Latin name	Blakea austin-smithii Standl.
Family	Melastomataceae
Distribution	SE North America (end Costa Rica)
North America distribution zone	SE
Height	S?
Foliage
Ecology
Use
Synonym
English name	AustinSmith blakea
French name	blakea d'Austin-Smith
Spanish name
Other name
Trade name

Latin name	Blakea calycosa Gleason
Family	Melastomataceae
Distribution	SE North America (Costa Rica, Panama) NW South America (Colombia)
North America distribution zone	SE
Height	S?
Foliage
Ecology
Use
Synonym
English name	persistentcalyx blakea
French name	blakea à calice persistant
Spanish name
Other name
Trade name

Latin name	Blakea chloranta Almeda
Family	Melastomataceae
Distribution	SE North America (end Costa Rica)
North America distribution zone	SE
Height	S?
Foliage
Ecology
Use
Synonym
English name	greenflower blakea
French name	blakea à fleurs vertes
Spanish name
Other name
Trade name

Latin name	Blakea costaricensis Umaña & Almeda
Family	Melastomataceae
Distribution	SE North America (end Costa Rica)
North America distribution zone	SE
Height	S?
Foliage
Ecology
Use
Synonym
English name	CostaRica blakea
French name	blakea du Costa Rica
Spanish name
Other name
Trade name

Latin name	Blakea crinita Gleason
Family	Melastomataceae
Distribution	SE North America (Panama)
North America distribution zone	SE
Height	S?
Foliage
Ecology
Use
Synonym
English name	Panama blakea
French name	blakea du Panama
Spanish name
Other name
Trade name

Latin name	Blakea cuatrecasii Gleason
Family	Melastomataceae
Distribution	SE North America (Panama) NW South America (Colombia)
North America distribution zone	SE
Height	S?
Foliage
Ecology
Use
Synonym
English name	Cuatrecasas blakea
French name	blakea de Cuatrecasas
Spanish name
Other name
Trade name

Latin name	Blakea cuneata Standl.
Family	Melastomataceae
Distribution	SE North America (Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Costa Rica)
North America distribution zone	SE
Height	M
Foliage
Ecology
Use
Synonym	Blakea bella Standl.
English name	cuneate blakea
French name	blakea cunéaire
Spanish name
Other name
Trade name

Latin name	Blakea grandiflora Hemsl.
Family	Melastomataceae
Distribution	SE North America (end Costa Rica)
North America distribution zone	SE
Height	M
Foliage
Ecology
Use
Synonym	Blakea pittieri Cogn.
English name	bigflower blakea
French name	blakea à grandes fleurs
Spanish name
Other name
Trade name